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This paper gives an overview of the European level standard proposal for smart wireless body area networks (WBAN). Under the mandate of European Telecommunication Standards Institute ETSI, a technical committee TC SmartBAN was formed in 2013. The goal of the TC SmartBAN is to define a standard for low power devices and networks to be used in short range links supporting, e.g., healthcare, wellness...
Modern technology has made health monitoring more accessible to everyone. However, for it to become truly pervasive, it is essential that the sensors can be wirelessly connected to the data collector, hence, the need for a standardised communication interface between the devices. While there exist wireless standards for body area networks, these are usually sophisticated and are not necessarily low...
In this paper we introduce medium access control (MAC) protocol defined by ETSI TC (technical committee) SmartBAN (smart body area network). The key features of the protocol are a two-channel concept with different channels for data and control traffic, and a unique Multi-use Channel Access as one alternative channel access mode. The two-channel concept provides fast channel acquisition and easy Hub...
Spectrum occupancy evaluations (SOEs) provide statistical insight regarding frequency resource utilization patterns for a given frequency band. In modern health-care systems, wireless solutions are trending and a number of wireless body area network (WBAN) applications are being developed. Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band is an unregulated, license free band where WBANs will co-exist...
Estimation of the aggregate interference is required in order to predict the performance of a wireless system in its working environment. Body Area Networks (BANs) for healthcare applications are becoming a reality, allowing patients to be monitored continuously without forcing them to stay in bed or in hospital. The increasing number of wireless medical devices makes the ISM (Industrial, Scientific...
To design sufficiently reliable wireless body area network (WBAN) system for future health-care, channel modeling plays an important role. Especially from the viewpoint of antenna optimization, the channel modeling approach should be able to de-embed the antenna contribution to the channel response. Two modeling approaches using spherical wave functions (SWFs) and orthogonal dipoles (ODs) have been...
Wireless body area network (WBAN) is expected to be utilized in various fields such as health-care. One of its vital challenges is that dynamic channels suffer severely from fading. Therefore the characterization of WBAN channel is important and many researches have been done in this area. This paper presents a tri-polarized dynamic WBAN channel sounder to realize 3×3 dynamic channel measurement by...
Near-field coupling communication (NFCC) is a technology that uses the surface of the human body as a transmission path in the MHz band. It is necessary to assess the signal loss on the body to ensure stable NFCC links. The dependence of signal loss on different positions on the body was measured with a transmitter powered by a battery and an electrically isolated probe as a receiver. The electric-field...
Implanted medical devices require wireless power transmission. The wireless system proposed here uses a transmitting coil that could be worn around the waist to send power to a thin, flexible receiving coil located deep in a liquid NaCl solution of 0.25% mass concentration, simulating conditions in the human body. To determine optimal transmission efficiency, we examined receiving coils mounted with...
Transmission characteristics of human body communication at 20 MHz were measured by using a battery operated transmitter and a receiver to eliminate undesirable coupling between cables for measurement or power supply. Received signal strength indication (RSSI) was recorded on the memory of the receiver and retrieved afterward. Transmission from chest to wrist was measured, assuming a transmission...
With the spread of the mobile radio terminals, a lot of studies about electrical properties of human in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band and above have been made. However, few studies have been made in lower frequency than UHF. In this study, we measured the electrical properties of swine liver with changing temperatures and frequencies from 300 kHz to 30 MHz.
Electric field distributions around a half-wave dipole antenna, broadband antenna, and various mobile terminals are evaluated and compared in the frequency bands of 800 MHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.7 GHz, and 2 GHz to confirm the difference among radiation sources when conducting EMI tests on medical devices. Comparison results show that the electric field strengths around dipole antennas is almost equal to or...
Wireless communication technologies and wireless devices are being developed. In addition, recently developed medical devices are also used for equipped WiFi function to communicate between the server and client for convenience. Therefore, the electromagnetic field environment in the hospitals is getting complex and unstable. The electromagnetic interference and susceptibility of the medical equipment...
This paper investigated the feasibility of using the radio signal strength of sensors placed around the human body in the human movement identification. This proposed method can identify the human movement in WBAN using only the radio signal strength, thus any additional tools are not necessary. OpenNICTA provides the BAN measurement channel in three kinds of human motions, which are running, walking...
The ageing population increases the prevalence of impairments, such as visual impairment. Earlier studies have indicated that acceptance issues for assistive technological and non-technological assistive tools for visually impaired people exist. This study helps to understand acceptance of navigation assistance by visually impaired people, and also aims to validate UTAUT2 method in context of special...
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